Nanotubes and Buckyballs

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Nanotubes and Buckyballs

Last Updated: Tuesday, 29-May-2012 06:53:42 PDT

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Nanotube:

"Conceptually, single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can be considered to be formed by the rolling of a single layer of graphite (called a graphene layer) into a seamless cylinder. A multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) can similarly be considered to be a coaxial assembly of cylinders of SWCNTs, like a Russian doll, one within another; the separation between tubes is about equal to that between the layers in natural graphite. Hence, nanotubes are one-dimensional objects with a well-defined direction along the nanotube axis that is analogous to the in-plane directions of graphite."
—M. S. Dresselhaus, Department of Physics and the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

A one dimensional fullerene (a convex cage of atoms with only hexagonal and/or pentagonal faces) with a cylindrical shape. Carbon nanotubes discovered in 1991 by Sumio Iijima resemble rolled up graphite, although they can not really be made that way. Depending on the direction that the tubes appear to have been rolled (quantified by the 'chiral vector'), they are known to act as conductors or semiconductors. Nanotubes are a proving to be useful as molecular components for nanotechnology. [Encyclopedia Nanotech]

Strictly speaking, any tube with nanoscale dimensions, but generally used to refer to carbon nanotubes, which are sheets of graphite rolled up to make a tube. A commonly mentioned non-carbon variety is made of boron nitride, another is silicon. These noncarbon nanotubes are most often referred to as nanowires. The dimensions are variable (down to 0.4 nm in diameter) and you can also get nanotubes within nanotubes, leading to a distinction between multi-walled and single-walled nanotubes. Apart from remarkable tensile strength, nanotubes exhibit varying electrical properties (depending on the way the graphite structure spirals around the tube, and other factors, such as doping), and can be superconducting, insulating, semiconducting or conducting (metallic). [CMP]

Nanotubes can be either electrically conductive or semiconductive, depending on their helicity, leading to nanoscale wires and electrical components. These one-dimensional fibers exhibit electrical conductivity as high as copper, thermal conductivity as high as diamond, strength 100 times greater than steel at one sixth the weight, and high strain to failure. NASA JSC - Carbon Nanotubes

A nanotube's chiral angle--the angle between the axis of its hexagonal pattern and the axis of the tube--determines whether the tube is metallic or semiconducting. Nanotubes Under Stress

A graphene sheet can be rolled more than one way, producing different types of carbon nanotubes. The three main types are armchair, zig-zag, and chiral. Examples

Copyright Professor Charles M. Lieber Group
And an excellent description of Carbon Nanotube Tips for Atomic Force Microscopy

Carbon nanotubes possess many unique properties which make them ideal AFM probes. Their high aspect ratio provides faithful imaging of deep trenches, while good resolution is retained due to their nanometer-scale diameter. These geometrical factors also lead to reduced tip-sample adhesion, which allows gentler imaging. Nanotubes elastically buckle rather than break when deformed, which results in highly robust probes. They are electrically conductive, which allows their use in STM and EFM (electric force microscopy), and they can be modified at their ends with specific chemical or biological groups for high resolution functional imaging. Professor Charles M. Lieber Group

CNT exhibits extraordinary mechanical properties: the Young's modulus is over 1 Tera Pascal. It is stiff as diamond. The estimated tensile strength is 200 Giga Pascal. These properties are ideal for reinforced composites, nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Center for Nanotechnology | Gallery

Carbon Nanotube Transistors exploit the fact that nm- scale nanotubes (NT) are ready-made molecular wires and can be rendered into a conducting, semiconducting, or insulating state, which make them valuable for future nanocomputer design. ... Carbon nanotubes are quite popular now for their prospective electrical, thermal, and even selective-chemistry applications. Physics News 590, May 21, 2002

Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects. Some of these applications are now realized in products. Others are demonstrated in early to advanced devices, and one, hydrogen storage, is clouded by controversy. Nanotube cost, polydispersity in nanotube type, and limitations in processing and assembly methods are important barriers for some applications of single-walled nanotubes. Carbon Nanotubes—the Route Toward Applications Ray H. Baughman, Anvar A. Zakhidov, Walt A. de Heer

AKA: Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs), Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNs), (5, 5) armchair nanotube, (9, 0) zigzag nanotube, and (10, 5) chiral nanotube. Also, single-wall carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs). See Nanotubes, Nanocones, and Nanosheets: an applet that lets you control in 3D the components and form elements. [Steffen Weber, PhD. See his VRML gallery of Fullerenes]. Also carbon nanowalls.

carbon nanotube with metal-semiconductor junction

structure of a multi-walled nanotube

Click image to enlarge
Copyright Alain Rochefort Assistant Professor Engineering Physics Department,
Nanostructure Group, Center for Research on Computation and its Applications (CERCA).

Bucky Ball:

"It is the roundest and most symmetrical large molecule known to man. Buckministerfullerine continues to astonish with one amazing property after another. Named after American architect R. Buckminister Fuller who designed a geodesic dome with the same fundamental symmetry, C60 is the third major form of pure carbon; graphite and diamond are the other two." Bucky Balls - Andy Gion.

AKA: C60 molecules & buckminsterfullerene. Molecules made up of 60 carbon atoms arranged in a series of interlocking hexagons and pentagons, forming a structure that looks similar to a soccer ball [Steffen Weber, PhD.]. C60 is actually a "truncated icosahedron", consisting of 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons. It was discovered in 1985 by Professor Sir Harry Kroto, and two Rice University professors, chemists Dr. Richard E. Smalley and Dr. Robert F. Curl Jr., [for which they were jointly awarded the 1996 Nobel Lauriate for chemistry] and is the only molecule composed of a single element to form a hollow spheroid [which gives the potential for filling it, and using it for novel drug-delivery systems. See Structure of a New Family of Buckyballs Created].

"The buckyball, being the roundest of round molecules, is also quite resistant to high speed collisions. In fact, the buckyball can withstand slamming into a stainless steel plate at 15,000 mph, merely bouncing back, unharmed. When compressed to 70 percent of its original size, the buckyball becomes more than twice as hard as its cousin, diamond." The Buckyball - Rodrigo de Almeida Siqueira.

AKA: Endohedral fullerenes, carbon cages.

Click to enlarge
Copyright Oliver Kreylos, Center for Image Processing and Integrated Computing (CIPIC), University of California, Davis.

Click to enlarge
Copyright Dr. Roger C. Wagner, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware.

Click to enlarge
Copyright ORNL. See Materials by Computational Design and Atomistic Simulations. This figure presents a visualization of a nanohydraulic piston. The model consists of a Carbon nanotube (blue), Helium atoms (green), and a "Buckyball" molecule. It is used to explore the stability of the system.

Below you will find a selection of sites whose main theme is Nanotubes & carbon buckyballs. If you have another favorite, please us.

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More Information:

NASA/Johnson Space Center Nano Materials Project
"NASA and the Johnson Space Center (JSC) have made a commitment to pursue and drive breakthrough technologies to expand human exploration of space. The very future of space exploration depends on advanced technologies such as nanotechnology and biomimetics. Toward this goal, JSC is focusing on the development of nanotechnology based on single-wall carbon nanotubes."

Sussex Fullerene Research Centre | The Buckyball Workshops | Buckminsterfullerene, C60, the Celestial Sphere that Fell to Earth: Vega Science Trust program featuring Sir Harold Kroto, Sussex University

Carbon Nanotube Introduction from Nanoledge. Includes: Properties & Potential Applications

Carbon nanotubes Great introductory article, with images and technical explanations. PhysicsWeb, January 1998

The smallest revolution a simple introduction to the science behind using nanowires and nanotubes in electronics.

C 60 Molecule - Buckminsterfullerene Buckminster Fuller Institute

Fullerenes to Nanotubes Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice Quantum Institute, and Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Dr. Richard E. Smalley

Prof. Vincent H. Crespi - Nanotubes Department of Physics The Pennsylvania State University.

Interlinking, Band Gap Engineering, Tunable Adsorption and Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes Dr. Taner Yildirim (NIST)

Delft University of Technology Molecular Biophysics Group - Carbon nanotubes.

Stony Brook Buckyball Home Page Virtual tour of fullerenes in Laszlo Mihaly's laboratory at the Physics Department at SUNY, Stony Brook.

A Fullerene Structure Library Images from the Department of Chemistry at SUNY Stony Brook

Berkeley Lab Research Review Fall 2001: Nanotubes "Alex Zettl makes the most incredible devices you'll never see - at least not without the aid of an electron microscope..."

IBM Scientists Develop Breakthrough Transistor Technology with Carbon Nanotubes IBM Research News. April 2001

Cluster Science Collaboration an academic interest group at Michigan State University promoting fundamental research in atomic clusters.

Science & Application of Nanotubes Edited by: David Tománek & Richard Enbody

Nanotube Publications (33) David Tománek's Group

Nanotube Publications (151 : ~68 of which are online) David Tománek

A Timeline David Tománek "a first iteration of my subjective opinion regarding the key events and publications."

VRML gallery of chiral Nano-Tubes generated with JSV1.08, © S.Weber, 1999

VRML gallery of Nano-Cones generated with JSV1.08, © S.Weber, 1999

Nitrogen makes buckyballs strong and springy EETimes article by Sara Sowah 11.21.2001

The Buckyball Collection Molecular Expressions Photo Gallery

Crossed nanowires compute TRN News article by Eric Smalley 11.14.2001

1st 4Å SWC Nanotubes Article by Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 11.02.2000

Artificial Muscles Made From Nanotubes BBC article 12.31.2001

Carbon Nanotubes as Molecular Quantum Wires Cees Dekker, Delft Univ of Tech - Real Audio and slide show

Carbon nanotubes IBM Nanoscale Science Department

C_1,000,000 and Beyond. American Scientist Article by Boris I. Yakobson and Richard E. Smalley 07.1997

What are fullerenes? Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden 04.2000

Buckyball: a C₆₀ Molecule Images from Boris Pevzner MIT

Fullerene Patent Database

Hydrogen implantation into C₆₀ Molecular Dynamics simulations of 10 to 50 eV hydrogen atom impact with zero K and room temperature fullerenes. CNLS LANL

Buckyball, Diamond, Graphite Describes how Buckminsterfullerene was discovered, its structure and research. Dept. of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Chemical Functionalisation of Carbon Nanotubes FUNCARS is a Research Training Network funded by the European Commission under the Improving Human Research Potential and the Socio-Economic Knowledge Base 5th Framework Programme.

Gallery of Molecular Artwork by Keith Beardmore, with the Computational Materials Group, Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector.

Production of Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes In a Reduced Gravity Environment - 1999 Project Final Report

Bucky Animation Richard Loftin. Using a freeware buckminsterfullerene molecule collision modeling program.

Nanotubulites An International Cooperative Research Project, with Gallery [including first experimental electron microscope images published]

Sunysb home page of Laszlo Mihaly's laboratory at the Physics Department in SUNY @ Stony Brook

Nanotechnology Now

Nanotubes and Buckyballs

Nanotube, nanowhiskers, nanofibres, and buckyball links: