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Abstract:
Quantum Dot Materials May Improve Efficiency of Silicon Solar Cells

Unique Quantum Effect Found in Silicon Nanocrystals

Golden, CO | Posted on July 25th, 2007

Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), collaborating with Innovalight, Inc., have shown that a new and important effect called Multiple Exciton Generation (MEG) occurs efficiently in silicon nanocrystals. MEG results in the formation of more than one electron per absorbed photon.

Silicon is the dominant semiconductor material used in present day solar cells, representing more than 93% of the photovoltaic cell market. Until this discovery, MEG had been reported over the past two years to occur only in nanocrystals (also called quantum dots) of semiconductor materials that are not presently used in commercial solar cells, and which contained environmentally harmful materials (such as lead). The new result opens the door to the potential application of MEG for greatly enhancing the conversion efficiency of solar cells based on silicon because more of the sun's energy is converted to electricity. This is a key step toward making solar energy more cost-competitive with conventional power sources.

In a paper published on July 24 in the initial on-line version of the American Chemical Society's Nano Letters Journal
(see http://pubs3.acs.org/acs/journals/doilookup?in_doi=10.1021/nl071486l ), an NREL team reported that silicon nanocrystals, or quantum dots, obtained from Innovalight can produce more than one electron from single photons of sunlight that have wavelengths less than 420 nm. When today's photovoltaic solar cells absorb a photon of sunlight, about 50% of the incident energy is lost as heat. MEG provides a way to convert some of this energy lost as heat into additional electricity.

The silicon nanocrystals produced by Innovalight, Inc., a thin-film solar cell developer based in Santa Clara, California, were studied at NREL as part of a collaboration between NREL and Innovalight scientists. The NREL team consisted of Matthew C. Beard, Kelly P. Knutsen, Joseph M. Luther, Qing Song, Wyatt Metzger, Randy J. Ellingson and Arthur J. Nozik.

The findings represent an important extension of the range of semiconductor materials that exhibit MEG and are a further confirmation of pioneering work by Nozik, who in 1997 predicted that semiconductor quantum dots could exhibit efficient electron multiplication and hence increase the efficiency of solar cells.

To date, all experiments showing the production of more than one electron per absorbed photon have been based on various types of optical spectroscopy. In a solar cell device it is necessary to extract the electrons produced in the quantum dots and pass them through an external circuit to generate electrical power. Such experiments are currently underway at NREL, Innovalight and other laboratories to demonstrate that MEG can indeed lead to enhanced solar cell efficiencies.

Calculations at NREL by Mark Hanna and Nozik have shown that the maximum theoretical efficiency of quantum dot solar cells exhibiting optimal MEG is about 44% with normal unconcentrated sunlight and 68% with sunlight concentrated by a factor of 500 with special lenses or mirrors. Today's conventional solar cells that produce one electron per photon have maximum efficiencies of 33% and 40%, respectively, under the same solar conditions.

In addition to efficiently extracting the electrons from the quantum dots in solar cells, future research is directed toward producing MEG at wavelengths that have a greater overlap with the solar spectrum, as well as producing a much sharper onset of the MEG processes with decreasing wavelength of the photons.

NREL is the U.S. Department of Energy's primary national laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development. The NREL research was funded by DOE's Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences. NREL is operated for DOE by Midwest Research Institute and Battelle.

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About Innovalight, Inc.
Innovalight is focused on bringing ultra low-cost solar power modules to the marketplace. Innovalight is harnessing a proprietary silicon-ink process, developed by the company to print thin-film solar power modules. Leveraging the advantages of solvent-based processing, Innovalight will help accelerate the promise of more affordable solar power solutions for residential and commercial applications.

The Company was recognized as a 2006 Technology Pioneer winner at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the World Economic Forum held in Davos, Switzerland. The Company has been extensively profiled in Time Magazine, The Economist, Red Herring and other major news organizations as a technology leader crusading for new cleaner energy solutions.

For more information, please click here

Contacts:
Innovalight, Inc.
3303 Octavius Drive
Suite 104
Santa Clara
California 95054
t: 408-987-9400
f: 408-987-9494

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